FWIW, I'm writing from perspective of someone who lives and lived most of their life in Kraków, Poland - a city and culture that never been bike-hostile, and is increasingly bike-friendly. Despite owning a bike, I haven't rode much in the city since my university years, precisely because of the hassle of storing it and bringing it up and down 2-4 floors without a lift. I don't drive, I use public transit, walk, or rent e-scooters - and the latter is inferior to your own bike in every way except it's there and you don't have to carry it up and down the stairs.