I wanted to note that you cannot compare learning by a human and "ML learning" which basically is calculating coefficients from copyrighted materials. Don't those coefficients fall under definition of a "derivative work" by the way?

ML models are not "learning" in the same way as human do, and while they use the misleading word "learning" is has completely different meaning; also, ML models are not humans and therefore they are not subject of laws; the engineers who perform calculations are.

So comparing calculation of ML model parameters to a person studying art is incorrect; you should compare engineers performing calculations with data from copyrighted material to a person studying art. It is immediately obvious that there cases are not equivalent. And those engineers are not learning anything in the process so the cannot use the analogy as an excuse.