Phone -> Silence Unknown Callers is close, it'll only let callers in your contacts ring the phone, everyone else will be sent to voicemail (and still show up in call history so you can add them as a contact easily).
Also looks like you can set up external apps to maintain block lists and filter based on that rather than your address book, but nothing that would act as a concierge to prompt callers.
https://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT207099
Also looks like you can set up external apps to maintain block lists and filter based on that rather than your address book, but nothing that would act as a concierge to prompt callers.