Not a physicist, but I do not think thermodynamics is a physical theory in the same sense that QED or GR are: it isn't about any specific physical system or interaction, but rather a general pattern when one looks at certain properties of bulk matter on (relatively) long timescales. Feynman had a good explanation of this, but for the life of me I can't remember the reference right now -- it's either in one of the lectures in the Character of Physical Law (try the one on the distinction between past and future) or one of the Feynman Lectures chapters on thermo.
IIRC thermodynamics per se does not have to "change" to adapt to systems where quantum effects play a role. How to link abstract thermodynamic concepts to the microscopic dynamics of a specific system in which quantum effects play a role would require a quantum theory, but for that we have quantum statistical mechanics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics) which is a fairly well-developed subject.
(This leaves out connections to relativity, special or general, about which I don't know much.)
IIRC thermodynamics per se does not have to "change" to adapt to systems where quantum effects play a role. How to link abstract thermodynamic concepts to the microscopic dynamics of a specific system in which quantum effects play a role would require a quantum theory, but for that we have quantum statistical mechanics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics) which is a fairly well-developed subject.
(This leaves out connections to relativity, special or general, about which I don't know much.)