Epstein died in 2019. People have suggested they had Thanksgiving dinner together in 2017 based on vague references in one of the emails, but Trump's presence at Mar a Lago is confirmed that day.
Ah sorry, I was anchoring "beginning of first term" and misplaced that as 2020. Fuck how time flies!
The "vague reference" is Epstein himself seeming to suggest he was having dinner with Trump. But you're right that there isn't direct corroborating evidence beyond Epstein saying so and their travel schedules aligning in South Florida over Thanksgiving.
Its a tradition, they do everything manual like the Incas did it. They don't like using "wheels" or any sort of technology as it would ruin the tradition. You can see the process here -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQl6geeY7CM
Oh- and it involves a lot of people not a 1 man job.
And I'd expect anything like this to be more than a 1 man job! Apologies if I implied otherwise. I'd expect even using wheels for the turning that you would need more than a single person.
It is obnoxious how hard it is to search on why they would have never invented a wheel for the spinning of thread. AI seems to insist that spinning wheels are directly the result of carting wheels. I'd expect even wheels for a pulley system would have helped with the hanging process.
The Inca had wheels, they just didn't use them for much. There are Incan toys with wheels, for example. AFAIU the consensus opinion is that carting wheels never took hold in pre-Columbian America because of a lack of draft animals.
The Inca used spindles for spinning thread, which apparently was sufficient for their needs. And the wheelbarrow is, interestingly (TIL), a relatively recent Old World invention, with the earliest depictions from 2nd century AD China. Even the chariot didn't arrive in the Old World until the early 2nd millennia BC. And the chariot wasn't invented by the Egyptians or Chinese, but by peoples in the Eurasian Steppe. (Who probably not coincidentally were some of the first to domestic horses? More primitive wheeled carts were much older but also contemporaneous with emergence of other domesticated draft animals like oxen, I think. Smaller animals can draft, but the utility is severely diminished beyond very favorable terrain.)
Many "obvious" inventions take a very long time to happen. For example, the very slow evolution of boats. It took forever to come up with the keel. Also the fork.
Rigid, authoritarian societies also seem to have a lot of problems inventing new things, especially disruptive things.
James Burke's "Connections" is a great history of invention.
Conversely, as many on HN would attest, plenty of novel and inevitable ideas never saw traction and disappeared to history for being too early to market. Being too early is often worse than being too late. At least with software you can pocket it and maybe in 5, 10, 20 years pick things back up when the winds go your way[1], but in earlier times the next opportunity might not come for generations, long after the inventor and any memory of their contraption are gone.
I haven't read that book; maybe that's pointed out as one of the reasons it can take so long for an invention to appear in history. The stars have to align. It's rarely if ever enough to create a working implementation, let alone merely conceive of it.
And I guess it's probably also worth considering that notwithstanding all the advanced knowledge pre-Columbian civilizations had, they were still nonetheless millennia behind the Old World. The Old World was highly interconnected even 4000 years ago, and even if the New World had the equivalent of the Silk Road, there were just fewer people, fewer civilizations, and fewer cycles of civilization building to shake things out.
[1] Even open sourcing it doesn't help. If I had a nickel for every cool open source project I've noticed that gained huge mindshare and was thought to be novel and heretofore unimplemented approach, yet actually had a substantially similar if not identical 20+ year old implementation sitting on some on old SunSITE FTP server or as a PoC for some ACM paper published circa 1970-1999....
> authoritarian societies also seem to have a lot of problems inventing new things
I'm not sure evidence can easily sustain this. Even putting aside the kind-of-tautological "rigid societies don't invent disruption" sentiment.... not only is "authoritarian" a pretty vague phrase in terms of economics, but we have a good deal of evidence of societies we mostly consider authoritarian inventing plenty of "disruptive" things. Just not a generally beneficial sort of disruption.
I'm not sure I've ever witnessed a free market society, but surely one is not incompatible with rigidity of social structure or (lack of) values. Undermining the basic social necessities of society doesn't tend to produce people able to produce innovation either....
Consider the free market in the US. The greatest lifting of scores of millions of people ever from poverty into the middle class and wealthy. The enormous generation of inventions.
I'm not convinced that the unprecedented advantages of setting up base camp on the other end of a major global ocean on both sides of the landmass, the almost completely unfettered access to a continent of largely untapped natural resources with virtually no competition from established powers, of being in the right place at the right time to find enormous reserves of oil (and ultra-high grade anthracite coal) so close to the surface that it is possible to discover them by sight alone, and well over a century of widespread exploitation of pre-industrial society's version of market-disrupting robotic labor, AKA slavery, to undercut our competitors on top of all of our other advantages, have been sufficiently controlled for in this "we won because free market economy" analysis. Though I concede that the last one, slavery, is a feature you'd expect to emerge from of a pathologically under-regulated free market economy.
Totally fair. Direct to this one, you could probably look at the evolution of rope and generally fabric. I imagine without modern techniques, many of the clothes that we wear would probably not be possible? Certainly not at the scale that we have them.
The scale of textiles happened because of factory weaving machines. Before 1800, making thread and fabrics was all done by hand, and consumed an enormous amount of time.
You could certainly get help that was 'mechanical' but which did not involve machines or robots as we think of them today. More of an older, original definition of robot.
Without wheels, people can't spin thread as fine as they can with. Full stop.
Directly to this thread, nobody is claiming they didn't use tools. The question is specifically why they never invented a specific tool. My specific question is why the cart wheel needs to be a prerequisite to a spinning wheel.
The common answer is that you don't need carting wheels without drafting animals. My question is why does that preclude pulleys and spinning wheels? They seem they should be unrelated.
Pulleys, in particular, seem an extension of levers more than of carting wheels.
> AFAIU the consensus opinion is that carting wheels never took hold in pre-Columbian America because of a lack of draft animals.
On hilly terrain, wheels simply aren't the best thing to use—you can't fully sustain the weight easily pulling up the hill as opposed to standing on the incline. Meanwhile we have tons of evidence of people used as couriers for relatively heavy items with a specific sort of framed backpack.
The lack of pack animals is a real thing, but domesticated horses would have seriously struggled even if they magically appeared in the pre-colonial incan empire. Even today, transportation by donkey sans-cart is often the easiest way to move a bunch of stuff around the andes without prepared roads.
Even spinning wheels use a spindle. The question would be why they didn't invent the use of a wheel to help with the spinning portion of the task?
But, yeah, my short dives show the same. It is generally held that carting wheels weren't useful due to lack of draft animals. I just find that reason awkward with how useful manual applications of the wheel are for me. Dolleys and wheelbarrows are the easiest example, of course. But pulley systems in general are super useful. And don't, necessarily, need a draft animal.
I generally agree with the sentiment—if something is free, there’s often a tradeoff. But when there’s a paid tier, the free version can act more like an entry point or hook to get users into the ecosystem, rather than relying on harvesting user data. In JetBrains’ case, broad adoption brings a lot of strategic value on its own (like establishing industry standards or building community mindshare), so it makes sense for them to offer a genuinely free version without necessarily treating users as the product.
This AUP is related to the optional backend services run by Mozilla. The frontends for all of these services are open source, with no usage restrictions. It doesn't affect how Firefox is licensed in terms of copyright. Additionally, the backends for some of these services (such as Firefox Sync and Mozilla Accounts) are fully open source, so you could avoid the AUP if you wanted to.
