Just spitballing; I have seen prefixing integers of arbitrary length with a bit 1 as the most significant bit as a way to avoid loosing the leading 0s when serializing the integers if the size is important. Also, IIRC, it's possible to implement shamir using arbitrary length integers instead of a common finite field. Not sure why someone would recommend doing either in that context though.
The impacts are usually partial. For example, scaling is impacted but everything already deployed contributes to work up to capacity. Or, you can't change configuration but the previous configuration works as configured. Often surprisingly not so impactful even if there can be limited work stoppage.
The problem with the us-east-1 outage is that a lot of big companies are there, so even if you try your best not to depend on us-east-1, your third party providers are most likely there. In my previous company, we were completely down during us-east-1 outage because of other dependencies that are beyond our control.
Considering how many AWS and non-AWS services go down at least partially when us-east-1 fails, this reads somewhat like "Don't worry that the steering wheel and pedals aren't working, your engine is still running on cruise control".
It says that refraction does not cover everything.
> By sampling features in the electrochemical response that are affected by the ensemble chemical composition of the coffee rather than measuring the concentrations of individual molecules, this approach captures quantitative information about both roast color and beverage strength. These two properties drive the sensory profile of the beverage, thereby allowing this analytical technique to exceed the insights provided by refractive index measurements and provide additional quality information that correlate with flavor.
> we show that cyclic voltammetry can be used without any additional sample preparation
Even if it offered no additional data over a refractometer just the fact can be used directly without any sample preparation would be a huge win. Refractometers are a PITA to use.
The equivalent in running is pace, at least on flat ground. I don't know that power would really be useful in running, the biomechanics of running hills is sufficiently different that I question the ability to make an equivalence comparison the same way you do in cycling.
AFAIK 5:4 is just the lowest ratio they've tested. Personally I use table sugar (1:1) and can sustain rates above 100g/h. Haven't hit the ceiling yet, don't really feel the need to explore where that is yet because exceeding the absorption rate comes with the risk of diarrhoea which is bad at any time but especially when you're in the middle of a training session and who knows where the nearest toilet is.
Gut training is consuming large amounts of carbohydrate (preferably in the same form you intend to use when racing), yes.
Eating the same amount of table sugar or of a commercial gel should have pretty much the same effect on performance.
However, for many people eating so much of a very sweet food becomes very unpleasant.
It is very easy and cheap to make at home a gel by boiling in water corn starch mixed with fructose in a microwave oven, for a few minutes. Swallowing such a gel should feel much less sweet than the same amount of a sugar solution.
As far as I know, the only difference between such a gel made at home and the commercial gels for athletes is that in the latter the starch is pre-digested with some bacterial enzyme, so that the long starch molecules are broken into short molecules of dextrine and maltose.
This processing shortens the time until the absorption in the gut, but I am not sure if this is really an advantage in all cases. A slower absorption will maintain an elevated blood glucose level for a longer time after ingestion, which may be preferable if you feed periodically, because it avoids wide fluctuations in the glucose level, while a faster absorption might be useful for an immediate recovery when the glucose level has been severely depleted by not feeding for a long time.
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